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2.在翻译过程中如何进行词义的引申?
引申是指从原词的内在含义出发，结合语境和译入语的表达习惯，在译文中对某些词作一定的语义调整，以达到忠实、通顺的目的。
英译汉时常常会遇到许多单词，按词典上给的词义来翻译，译文就会生硬难懂，甚至造成意思上的曲解。因此，需对词义进行必要的变动，
引申出能表达词语内在含义的新的表达方式。
引申既可化具体为抽象，也可化抽象为具体。
（1）具体———抽象
经典例题: Were it left to an American to decide whether they should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without
a government，he should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.
参考译文: 如果让一个美国人决定要没有言论自由的政府还是要言论自由而无政府的国家，他会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
经典例题: There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out
of his personal preference.
分析: bottleneck本指“瓶颈”，由于具有使缓慢和阻滞的效果，因而被抽象地引申为“限制”。参考译文: 过去有过这种情况: 移民限
制极为严格，不许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。
（2）抽象———具体
经典例题: While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms
to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
参考译文: 几乎每个史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家们的观点都趋向于认为史学是试图重现并阐明过去发生的重大事件。
（1999年真题）
经典例题: When the Jones were little，they were forbidden to set foot there，because of the revolting language and of what
they might catch.
参考译文: 琼斯家里的人，小时候是不允许走进那里的，生怕学到一些下流话，或沾染上什么毛病。
经典例题: All the irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.
参考译文: 那所大学的学生做出的任何越轨行为都会受到处罚。 | 
新东方考研英语翻译技巧绝版总结10