| 二、具体化
具体化specification是指采用明确具体的方式来翻译原文中较为概略化的表达。英语
原文中有不少词语乃至整个句子的字面意义非常抽象、笼统、概括和空泛如对等译成汉语
不但译文难以表达出原作者的真正意图而且译文语义也会含糊不清很难给读者一个准确
的概念。遇到这种情况时译者可以、甚至必须根据具体的语言环境和上下文的事理联系
把这些字面意义捉摸不定的词句用汉语里含意明确具体的词句加以表达使原文比较抽象的
表达方式变得比较实在、比较空泛的变得比较具体、比较笼统的变得比较明确。具体化翻译
涉及的范围较广大致可分为以下几种情况
A. 抽象概念具体化。英语中经常使用一些含义抽象的词句但从上下文的逻辑来看作
者的本意是在表达具体概念因此翻译时应选用含义明确的汉语还其本来的面目。例如
(1)For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an
unmanned fully automatic gun and to a substantial reserve of ready use ammunition which can be
fired without human intervention.在防空和反导弹战斗中必须强调以下两个因素的重大作用
60 一是无人操作的全自动火炮二是勿需人工装填、随时可以发射的大量备用弹药。
2 You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into
the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你大概读过这样一些故事吧。它们描写一个
英雄坐上飞船"风驰电掣"直冲九宵云外毋须为燃料担心发愁。
(3) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy
consultant.越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问那是第三次了。
(4) Where a railway crosses a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high
enough for vessels to pass underneath without interception, a bridge must be built which is capable
of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在铁路经过通航河道的地方如
果那时不可能做到把线路升高到使船只在下面不受阻碍地通过的话就必须把桥梁修成开启
式的以便江河或运河里的船只通过。 | 
英文翻译技巧87