摘要 :郭嵩焘是中国近代外交史上著名的外交思想家,他从中外实际情况出发,读书观史、反思现实,总结经验教训,形成了达理外交思想,主张以礼相待、以诚相待、以理制胜、反对蛮战。这一思想在当时中国处于全面弱势的历史条件下具有相当的合理性,不仅在一定程度上避免了盲目蛮干带来的灾难,而且为中国近代外交思想史的发展奠定了基础。但郭嵩焘对帝国主义国家的侵略本质认识不清,片面强调列强来华目的是为了通商而无意于中国的土地和人民,并且主张遵守近代一系列不平等条约来换取和平,因此,他的这一思想也具有鲜明的局限性。我们应正确认识其正反两个方面对其进行合理定位。
Abstract:
Guo Songtao is a famous diplomatic thinker in Chinese modern diplomatic history. He views the history, reflects the reality, and concludes the experiences and lessons from the perspective of reality. Hedley’s diplomatic thought is Guo’s viewpoint which maintains one should be civil to another, be frank with another, defeat rival with reasons, and be against savagery. The thought was considerably reasonable in the background that china laid in a complete weak position. It has not only helped china avoided of the catastrophe brought by savagery, but also laid the foundation for the development of the history of modern Chinese thoughts. However, Guo has not seen through the essence of imperialist powers. He partly emphasized that the real intention of imperialist powers was for trading not for the territory and the people, and he maintained to get freedom in the way of abiding by a series of unequal treaties, so his thought is obviously limited. We should consider it from both positive and negative aspects.
Key words: Guo Songtao; western imperialist powers; Hedley’s diplomatic thought; rationalization; constraints
In the mid-nineteenth century, the Qing regime was beset with difficulties both at home and abroad, so the people from all walks of life all grope the way out. Peasant intellectuals with Hong Xiuquan as the representative were absorbing foreign ideas to reform Chinese traditional ideas, and then created a fresh way of peasants uprising. Hong Xiuquan first recognized imperial examination system, and then he was against it. Finally, Hong mixed traditional Confucianism with western religion, and found a special way responding to the social crisis in late Qing Dynasty. His contribution to modern china was profound.
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