[中文]
西班牙(公元712年)
中古时代的西班牙被书写为三个篇章:哥特人西班牙的建立,然后是穆斯林西班牙,再然后是收复失地运动,被基督徒再次征服。
伊比利亚半岛是罗马帝国崩溃后遗弃的附属地,由于他不能够防御野蛮人的入侵同时把灾难带到了罗马的街头。伊比利亚半岛被野蛮人移民团占领了大半,来自现代俄罗斯的西南部同时是被匈人赶来的西哥特人成为了基督徒同时占领了伊比利亚半岛中部数个世纪。
当一个西哥特人贵族要求在北非的穆斯林支援国王时,通过直布罗陀海峡的大门为穆斯林打开。在五十年内穆斯林控制了大部分的半岛,只留下一些小的山区和北边之外被他们控制。穆斯林或者摩尔人。西班牙迅速地发展成了最先进的欧洲文明在中古时代。它因为农业
,贸易,造币业和工业而繁荣。它从穆斯林世界的传播性学习里获益。除了君士坦丁堡,以超过500,000人口和伟大的建筑,大量文艺工作,一个绝妙的图书馆,和重要的学习中心为特征,科尔多瓦成为了最大而且最精致的城市在欧洲。
和平和繁荣是被国际性的破坏而被破坏的,然而,作为重要的当地统治者 为普片的力量,和额外的攻击,都来自基督徒和北非的穆斯林。在13世纪中叶,穆斯林西班牙被减少到格拉纳达的单个王国里。基督王国最总吃掉了穆斯林的权力,通过他们经常性的分散在各地而
又团结的努力,葡萄牙脱离了而且创立了一个独立的国家。穆斯林格拉纳达幸存了几个世纪由于自由地先对个北部的基督徒进贡,而且通过聪明的手段使得他们的敌人自相残杀。然而在1469年,卡斯提尔的伊莎贝拉一世与来自亚拉贡的费尔南多二世结婚,团结了两个竞
争的基督王国,而且预兆着穆斯林西班牙的结束。
中古时代的西班牙是一个对比鲜明的世界。它由一个 多种族的社会构成,融合了拉丁人 犹太人,基督徒,阿拉伯人和穆斯林影响成了一个唯一的而且是富裕的文化。同时,然而,很多这些文化力量是暴力地冲突。当两个文化冲突,其结果经常是糟糕的。再次征服拖延
了八个世纪。十字军是光荣的而且创造了一个冷酷而且无法容忍的气氛。基督徒的勇士们最终驱逐了穆斯林并且获得了最佳战士的头衔在欧洲。
在1492年一个重要的年头,格拉纳达开始被卡斯提尔和亚拉贡的军队吃。在女皇伊莎贝拉的赞助下,克里斯多夫.哥伦布最后为欧洲发现了新大陆和当地的人口。[/中文]
[外文]The Spanish (712 On)
The history of Spain in the Middle Ages is written in three principal chapters: the creation
of Visigothic Spain, then Muslim Spain, and then Reconquista, the reconquest of Spain by
Christians.
The Iberian peninsula was an appendage of the Roman Empire that was discarded as the empire
disintegrated because it could not be defended in the face of barbarian invasions that
brought devastation to the streets of Rome itself. The peninsula was occupied in large part
by one of the migrating barbarian groups, the Visigoths, who had come most recently from the
southwestern plains of modern Russia, displaced by the Huns. The Visigoths became Christian
and occupied the center of the peninsula for several centuries.
When one of the Visigoth lords appealed to Muslims in North Africa in the 8th century for
aid against the king, the door was opened for Muslim expansion across the Straits of
Gibraltar. Within 50 years the Muslims had taken most of the peninsula, leaving only small
areas in the mountains and to the north outside their control. Muslim, or Moorish, Spain
quickly developed into one of the most advanced European civilizations of the Middle Ages.
It prospered in relative peace thanks to good agriculture, trade, coinage, and industry. It
benefited from the spread of learning throughout the Muslim world. Cordoba became the
largest and most sophisticated city in Europe after Constantinople, featuring a population
of over 500,000, wonderful architecture, great works of art, a fabulous library, and
important centers of learning.
Peace and prosperity were disrupted by internal disruption, however, as important local
rulers competed for overall power, and by external attack, both from the Christian north and
Muslim North Africa. By the middle of the 13th century, Muslim Spain was reduced to a single
kingdom centered on Granada. The Christian kingdoms of the north gradually ate away at
Muslim power, though their effort was often dispersed when they fought with each other.
Portugal split off and created a separate kingdom. Muslim Granada survived for several
centuries thanks to liberal tribute paid to the Christians to its north and to clever
diplomacy that played their enemies against each other. In 1469, however, Isabel I of
Castile married Fernando II of Aragon, uniting the two competing Christian kingdoms and
foreshadowing the end of Muslim Spain.
Spain of the Middle Ages was a world of contrasts. It featured the great advantages of a
multi-ethnic society, merging Latin, Jewish, Christian, Arab, and Muslim influences into a
unique and rich culture. At the same time, however, many of these same cultural forces
clashed violently. When two different cultures clash, the result is often grim. The
reconquest dragged on for eight centuries, mirroring the Crusades in the holy land and
creating an atmosphere that became increasingly pitiless and intolerant. The Christian
warriors who eventually expelled the Muslims earned a reputation for being among the best
fighters in Europe.
Granada fell to the forces of Aragon and Castile at the start of 1492, a momentous year, as
under the patronage of Queen Isabel, Christopher Columbus subsequently discovered for
Europeans the great continents of the New World and their native populations.[/外文]
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